EVs have been classified into three major types, depending on their size and biogenesis prior to secretion:
apoptotic bodies (ApoBDs): vesicles of relatively large size (1–5 μm), variable in structure and composition; they are released by the blebbing process of cells undergoing apoptosis:
Deployment of extracellular vesicles to exchange biological molecules contained within a membrane boundary. (i) Budding of microvesicles off the plasma membrane (ectosomes or microvesicles); (ii) release of exosomes through the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the plasma membrane; (iii) blebbing off of larger vesicles, especially from apoptotic cells (apoptotic bodies). In the upper side there are representative transmission electron images: (A) microvesicles liberation (arrowheads), and (B) an apoptotic cell. In the bottom side: (C) inward invaginations of the MVB indicate the beginning of exosomes biogenesis, (D) MVB enclosing a lot of exosomes, and (E) MVB near to fuse with the membrane. n = nucleus.
microvesicles (MVs): diameter size of 150 nm–1 μm, they are shed directly by the outward budding and fission of the plasma membrane (Figure)
exosomes (EXOs): EVs with a diameter size ranging from 30 to 150 nm, with a density of 1.13 to 1.19 g/mL in sucrose; they originate from the late endosomal trafficking machinery. They are intracellularly produced into organelles called multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and ultimately, they are released into the extracellular milieu as a result of MVBs fusion with the plasma membrane (Figure C–E).
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